Endnotes for Legislation and Regulations

1.  Including several ballot initiatives for energy-related legislation, where the results of the balloting are known. 

2.  For the complete text of the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008, see web site http://frwebgate. Access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_cong _public_laws&docid=f:publ246.110.pdf. 

3.  On December 23, 2008, after the November 2008 cutoff date for inclusion of changes in Federal and State laws and regulations in AEO2009, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia issued a new ruling that remanded but did not vacate CAIR, noting that “Allowing CAIR to remain in effect until it is replaced by a rule consistent with our opinion would at least temporarily preserve the environmental values.” Source: United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, No. 05-1244, web site www.epa.gov/airmarkets/progsregs/cair/docs/ CAIRRemand Order.pdf. This change allows the EPA to modify CAIR to address the objections raised by the Court in its earlier decision while leaving the rule in place. The change is not reflected in AEO2009. 

4.  For complete text of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, including Division B, “Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008,” see web site http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?db name=110_cong_bills&docid=f:h1424enr.txt.pdf. 

5. “Closed-loop” refers to fuels that are grown specifically for energy production, excluding wastes and residues from other activities, such as farming, landscaping, forestry, and woodworking. 

6.  Defense Energy Support Center, “Compilation of United States Fuel Taxes, Inspection Fees, and Environmental Taxes and Fees” (July 9, 2008). 

7.  U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, “Summary of Fuel Economy Performance,” NHTSA-2007-28040-0001 (Washington, DC, March 2007), web site www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main?main= DocumentDetail&o=09000064802ad392. 

8.  U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 49 CFR Parts 523, 531, 533, 534, 536, and 537 [Docket No. NHTSA-2008-0089] RIN 2127-AK29, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking: Average Fuel Economy Standards Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Model Years 2011-2015 (Washington, DC, April 2008), pp. 14-15, web site www.nhtsa.dot.gov/portal/site/nhtsa/menuitem. 43ac99aefa80569eea57529cdba046a0/. 

9.  A vehicle’s footprint is defined as the wheelbase (the distance from the center of the front axle to the center of the rear axle) times the average track width (the distance between the center lines of the tires) of the vehicle in square feet. 

10.  U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Preliminary Regulatory Impact Analysis: Corporate Average Fuel Economy for MY 2011-2015 Passenger Cars and Light Trucks (Washington, DC, April 2008), pp. 374-375, web site www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/DOT/NHTSA/ Rulemaking/Rules/Associated%20Files/CAFE_2008_ PRIA.pdf. 

11.  Most recently, the Consolidated Omnibus Appropriations Act of 2008 (Public Law 110-161, H.R. 2764) included the OCS moratorium as Sections 104, 105 and 412. 

12. “OCS Lands Act History,” web site www.mms.gov/ aboutmms/OCSLA/ocslahistory.htm. 

13. “OCS Lands Act History,” web site www.mms.gov/ aboutmms/OCSLA/ocslahistory.htm. 

14. “Congressional Action to Help Manage Our Nation’s Coasts,” web site http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/ czm/czm_act.html. 

15.  U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, “2001-Forward MRM Statistical Information: Reported Royalty Revenues,” web site www. mrm.mms.gov/mrmwebstats/home.aspx. 

16.  See web site www.mms.gov/aboutmms/pdffiles/ocsla. pdf, p. 21, paragraph 1. 

17.  See web site www.mms.gov/ooc/newweb/publications/ 2003%20FACT.pdf, p. 7. 

18.  Energy Policy Act of 2005, Title III, Subtitle G, Section 384, “Coastal Impact Assistance Program,” p. 147, web site www.epa.gov/oust/fedlaws/publ_109- 058.pdf. 

19.  U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Report to Congress: Comprehensive Inventory of U.S. OCS Oil and Natural Gas Resources: Energy Policy Act of 2005—Section 357 (Washington, DC, February 2006), pp. v and vi, web site www.mms. gov/PDFs/2005EPAct/InventoryRTC.pdf. 

20.  For the complete text of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, see web site http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/ getdoc.cgi?dbname=109_cong_public_laws&docid=f: publ058.109.pdf. 

21.  See AEO2008 for more detailed discussion of the program and the FY 2008 Appropriations Act. 

22.  At the same time, DOE also issued a solicitation for the front end of the nuclear fuel cycle. Because NEMS does not contain a direct representation of the front end of the nuclear fuel cycle, that solicitation is not considered in this analysis. 

23.  U.S. Department of Energy, “DOE Announces Solicitation for $30.5 Billion in Loan Guarantees” (Washington, DC, June 30, 2008), web site www.lgprogram. energy.gov/press/063008.pdf. 

24.  U.S. Department of Energy, “DOE Announces Solicitation for $8.0 Billion in Loan Guarantees” (Washington, DC, September 22, 2008), web site www. lgprogram.energy.gov/press/092208.pdf. 

25.  A detailed discussion of the rationale for this assumption can be found in AEO2008. In brief, in 2007, DOE released technology-specific information about the requested guarantees from the 2006 solicitation. Included in that information were the requested dollar amounts of the guarantees, by technology. It was assumed, basically, that the dollar amounts of the approved guarantees would be proportional to the requested dollar amounts. 

26.  U.S. Department of Energy, “DOE Announces Loan Guarantee Applications for Nuclear Power Plant Construction” (Washington, DC, October 2, 2008), web site www.lgprogram.energy.gov/press/100208.pdf. 

27.  United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, No. 05-1097, web site http:// pacer.cadc.uscourts.gov/docs/common/opinions/ 200802/05-1097a.pdf. 

28. “The Clean Air Act [As Amended Through P.L. 108–201, February 24, 2004],” web site http://epw. senate.gov/envlaws/cleanair.pdf. 

29.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Clean Air Interstate Rule,” web site www.epa.gov/airmarkets/ progsregs/cair/. 

30.  United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, No. 05-1244, web site http:// pacer.cadc.uscourts.gov/docs/common/opinions/ 200807/05-1244-1127017.pdf. 

31.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, web site www.epa.gov/airmarkets/progsregs/cair/docs/CAIR_ Rehearing_Petition_as_Filed.pdf. 

32.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, web site www.epa.gov/airmarkets/progsregs/cair/docs/CAIR_ Rehearing_Petition_as_Filed.pdf. 

33.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, web site www.epa.gov/airmarkets/progsregs/cair/docs/CAIR_ Pet_Reply_Filed.pdf. 

34.  United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, No. 05-1244, web site www.epa.gov/ airmarkets/progsreg/cair/docs/CAIRRemandOrder. pdf. 

35.  The requirements for reformulated gasoline can be found in the 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act,  Title II, Sec. 219 (web site www.epa.gov/oar/caa/caaa. txt). An excellent discussion of the history of oxygenate and other environmentally-based requirements for gasoline can be found in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Fuel Trends Report: Gasoline 1995-2005, EPA420-R-08-002 (Washington, DC, January 2008), web site www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/fuels/rfg/properf/ 420r08002.pdf. 

36.  Congressional Research Service, Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007: A Summary of Major Provisions, Order Code RL34294 (Washington, DC, December 2007), web site http://energy.senate.gov/ public/_files/RL342941.pdf. 

37.  California Air Resources Board, “Low Carbon Fuel Standard Workshop: Review of the Draft Regulation” (October 16 2008), web site www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/ lcfs/101608lcfsreg_prstn.pdf. 

38.  A feed-in-tariff guarantees a specified price, usually above the market level, on a long-term electricity purchasing agreement. 

39.  State of Michigan, 94th Legislature, Enrolled Senate Bill No. 213, web site www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/2007-2008/publicact/pdf/2008-PA-0295.pdf. 

40.  Although solar generation receives one bonus credit for each megawatthour produced, facilities using equipment manufactured in the same State and in-State workforces receive only 0.1 credit as a bonus. 

41.  Missouri Secretary of State, Amendment to Chapter 393 of the Revised Statutes of Missouri, Relating to Renewable Energy, web site www.sos.mo.gov/ elections/2008petitions/2008-031.asp. 

42.  127th General Assembly of the State of Ohio, Amended Substitute Senate Bill Number 221, web site www.legislature.state.oh.us/bills.cfm?ID= 127_SB_0221. 

43.  State of Delaware, 144th General Assembly, Senate Bill 328, web site http://legis.delaware.gov/lis/ lis144.nsf/vwLegislation/SB+328?Opendocument. 

44.  State of Maryland, House Bill 375, web site http:// mlis.state.md.us/2008rs/billfile/HB0375.htm. 

45.  State of Maryland, Senate Bill 348, web site http:// mlis.state.md.us/2008RS/billfile/SB0348.htm. 

46.  Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, “About RGGI,” web site www.rggi.org/about/documents. 

47.  Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, “RGGI States’ First CO₂ Auction Off to a Strong Start” (September 29, 2008), web site www.rggi.org/docs/rggi_press_ 9_29_2008.pdf.